A6 Pipeline – Glossary

Term

Definition

Reference

Countries

The A6 Pipeline captures information for the 199 Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

UNFCCC

Regions

5 UN-Regions: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, Oceania

Sub-regions

Sub-division of the 5 regions into 23 sub-regions

Groups

Categorization of countries according to income levels and other characteristics into relevant groups

Income Groups

4 different groups that countries are divided by: High income, Upper middle income, Lower middle income, Low income. These classifications, updated each year on July 1, are based on the previous year's Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.

World Bank

Least Developed Countries (LDC)

44 economies designated by the United Nations as the least developed countries (LDCs), entitling them to preferential market access, aid, special technical assistance, and capacity-building on technology among other concessions.

UN

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Distinct group of 39 States and 18 Associate Members of United Nations regional commissions that face unique social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities.

UN

Term 

Definition 

Reference

Cooperative approaches

Cooperative approaches described in the initial Report or Updated Initial Report of the respective participating Parties – as listed in the UNFCCC Centralized Accounting and Reporting Platform (CARP).

UNFCCC CARP – Cooperative Approaches

Initial Reports

A standardized report submitted by a participating Party prior to or at the time of its first authorization of ITMOs, providing comprehensive information on its cooperative approaches, national arrangements, authorization procedures, application of corresponding adjustments, and how it ensures environmental integrity and consistency with sustainable development objectives, in accordance with Decision 2/CMA.3.

UNFCCC decision 2/CMA.3 annex, paras. 18-22

Bilateral agreements

Agreement between two countries signalling the intention to cooperate under Article 6.2. This includes various types of agreements at different stages (e.g. MoUs) and with varying levels of specificity.

UNEP-CCC definition, country announcements

Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs)

Real, verified and additional emission reductions or removals, measured in tCO₂e or other agreed metrics, that are internationally transferred under an Article 6.2 cooperative approach.

UNFCCC decision 2/CMA.3 annex, paragraph 1

First transfer

The initial accounting event at which an authorized mitigation outcome becomes internationally transferred under Article 6.2 and triggers a corresponding adjustment. For NDC use, this occurs at the first international transfer; for other international mitigation purposes, it occurs at the authorization, issuance, use or cancellation, as specified by the participating Party.

UNFCCC decision 2/CMA.3 annex, paragraph 2

Authorization

Mitigation outcomes must be authorized by the host country before any transfer as an ITMO can take place. The authorization specifies what the unit may be used for (NDC achievement and/or other international mitigation purposes) as stated by countries.

UNFCCC CARP – Authorizations

Impact over time

Expected, authorized or internationally transferred mitigation outcomes over year(s), from Article 6.2 activities covered by cooperative approaches.

UNEP-CCC

Eligibility List

Article 6.2

List of activity types that countries have indicated as eligible/ineligible through its national arrangements or cooperative approach documentation. Note: specific terminology for eligibility (e.g. "to be considered" or "eligible") is specified for each country page as per their eligibility lists.

UNEP-CCC

Stages of the Activity Cycle
Units: Activities, Planned Mitigation (see Units table for details)

Proposed

Article 6.2 mitigation activity that has been identified or announced by participating Parties or implementing entities, but for which limited public documentation is available. At this stage, the activity is typically in the early stages of project development, including conceptual design or feasibility assessment

UNEP-CCC

Published

Article 6.2 mitigation activity that has been publicly disclosed through an official source, such as a government website, cooperation framework portal, or other formal communication by participating Parties. At this stage, the activity may be undergoing stakeholder consultation, validation, and/or verification processes.

UNEP-CCC

Registered

Article 6.2 mitigation activity that has been officially registered in an official registry by one or more participating Parties.

UNEP-CCC

Bilateral Agreement Type

Definition 

Reference

Implementation agreements

Signed agreement between two countries to initiate project implementation for activities within the Article 6.2 framework.

UNEP-CCC

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

Initial, generally non-binding agreement between two countries to collaborate within the Article 6.2 framework.

UNEP-CCC

Agreements with cooperative approach(es)

Bilateral agreement (including MoUs) between two countries whose collaboration includes at least one cooperative approach registered by the UNFCCC Secretariat.

UNEP-CCC

Term 

Definition 

Reference

Stages of the Activity Cycle
Units: Activities, Planned Mitigation (see Units table for details)

Transition requested

CDM activities for which the activity participants have submitted a formal request to transition to the PACM, and the secretariat has received and published this request as per the transition of CDM activities to the Article 6.4 mechanism procedure.

UNEP-CCC

All Approved by Host Party

All approved PACM projects and programmes that have been approved by the country where the project/programme is located, either as a new activity or projects/programmes whose request to transition from CDM to PACM.

UNEP-CCC

Approved by Host Party (New Activities)

Activities for which the Host Party has issued its approval prior to registration. This does not reflect the approval by the SBM for registration under PACM.

UNEP-CCC

Approved by Host Party (CDM)

CDM activities for which the transition request has been approved by the respective Host Party as per the transition of CDM activities to the Article 6.4 mechanism procedure.

UNEP-CCC

Proposed

Potential activities for which the activity participants have submitted a Prior Consideration Notification (PCN) to the UNFCCC secretariat. The PCN is a timestamp of intent and shows that benefits from registering under PACM were considered before undertaking the activity.

UNEP-CCC

Published

Potential activities for which relevant documentation is published on the UNFCCC website. The submission must occur within one year of the publication of the PCN, and includes a design document outlining the specifics of the activity implementation. Stakeholders are subsequently invited to share their views.

UNEP-CCC

All Registered

Projects that have been approved and are officially registered in the PACM registry.

UNEP-CCC

Participation requirements

Conditions set out in Decision 3/CMA.3 that a Party must meet to participate in the Article 6.4 mechanism, including being a Party to the Paris Agreement, maintaining an NDC under Article 4, and providing the required authorizations and information to the Supervisory Body.

UNFCCC Decision 3/CMA.3, annex, paras. 18–22

Designated National Authorities (DNA)

The body granted responsibility by a Party, to undertake actions within the A6.4 mechanism activity cycle with respect to Article 6.4 activities on behalf of that Party, in accordance with the Article 6.4 rules and requirements.

UNFCCC Article 6.4 Glossary

Authorized Emissions Reductions (AERs)

Refers to A6.4ERs that are authorized by the host Party of the Article 6.4 activity for which the A6.4ERs are issued, for use towards the achievement of NDCs and/or for other international mitigation purposes pursuant to paragraph 42 of the RMPs.

UNFCCC Article 6.4 Glossary

Eligible Activities | PACM

List of activities that the country indicated as eligible/ineligible as per the country's participation requirements. Note: specific terminology for eligibility is specified for each country page as per their participation requirements.

UNFCCC

Term 

Definition 

Reference

Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

Nationally defined climate plans that Parties to the Paris Agreement prepare, communicate and maintain pursuant to Article 4, updating them every five years to reflect progression and highest possible ambition, outlining mitigation targets and, where applicable, adaptation priorities and actions.

UNFCCC via Climatewatch

Intention to Use International Markets

Countries' indication on whether they will engage with Article 6 carbon markets, expressed in their NDC. Expressed as "Yes", "No", "Potentially", or "Not specified" – accompanied by specific country text where applicable.

Country NDCs via ClimateWatch

Net Zero Target

Identifies whether the country has a target to achieve net zero, where the target is expressed (e.g. in discussion vs in legislation) and the target year.

Net Zero Tracker

Long Term Strategy (LTS)

Mid-century long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategies.

UNFCCC Long term strategies

GHG coverage

Greenhouse gases included in country target.

ClimateWatch

Sector coverage

Sectors included in country target.

ClimateWatch

GHG target

GHG targets refer to contributions framed as targeted outcomes in GHG terms.

ClimateWatch

Target year

The year(s) by when or over which the goal is to be achieved. For actions: Target year refers to the date the action comes into effect and date of completion.

Target Type

Intensity

A commitment to reduce emissions intensity (emissions per unit of another variable, typically GDP) by a specified quantity relative to a historical base year.

Fixed level

A commitment to reduce, or control the increase of, emissions to an absolute emissions level in a target year. One type of fixed-level goal is a carbon neutrality goal, designed to reach zero net emissions by a certain date.

ClimateWatch

Trajectory

A commitment to reduce, or control the increase of, emissions to specified emissions quantities in multiple target years or periods over a long time period.

ClimateWatch

Baseline

A commitment to reduce emissions by a specified quantity relative to a projected emissions baseline scenario. A baseline scenario is a reference case that represents future events or conditions most likely to occur in the absence of activities taken to meet the mitigation goal.

ClimateWatch

Base year

A commitment to reduce, or control the increase of, emissions by a specified quantity relative to a base year.

ClimateWatch

Unconditional

Target to be fulfilled regardless of external circumstances: An "unconditional contribution" is what countries could implement without any conditions and based on their own resources and capabilities.

ClimateWatch

Conditional

Target that can only be fulfilled if certain criteria are met, e.g. subject to external funding. A "conditional contribution" is one that countries would undertake if international means of support are provided, or other conditions are met.

ClimateWatch

Term 

Definition 

Reference

Intended Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals

Description of how participation in PACM supports the host Party's national sustainable development objectives and priorities. Captures countries' direct references to the 17 SDGs.

UNEP-CCC

Sustainable Development Tool

The Article 6.4 sustainable development tool aims to ensure that PACM activities "do no harm" and contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Project proponents are required to identify potential impacts – both positive and negative – and show how social and environmental risks are addressed.

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

Sustainable Development Impacts

A direct impact is an impact based on direct contribution or interaction by an activity with an environmental, social, or economic component during the implementation and operation, and if applicable dismantling.

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

No impacts identified

When activity participants have identified in the A6.4 SD tool that their PACM activity has no direct impact to the SDG of the host country(ies).

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

Positive impacts

When activity participants have identified in the A6.4 SD tool that their PACM activity has positive direct impact(s) on the SDG(s) of the host country(ies).

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

Negative impacts

When activity participants have identified in the A6.4 SD tool that their PACM activity has negative direct impact(s) on the SDG(s) of the host country(ies).

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

Negative and Positive impacts

When activity participants have identified in the A6.4 SD tool that their PACM activity has both positive and negative direct impact(s) on the SDG(s) of the host country(ies).

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

Identified risks

Potential environmental and social risks identified by the activity participant through the A6.4 SD tool, based on a risk assessment against the safeguarding elements and criteria set out in section 6.3 of the tool.

UNFCCC – A6.4 Sustainable Development Tool

Sustainable Development in Cooperative approaches

Description of how a cooperative approach will minimize and, where possible, avoid negative environmental, economic and social impacts, and ensure consistency with the sustainable development objectives of the Party, as reported by Parties in their initial report and/or any updated initial reports.

UNFCCC CARP – Reports

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

UN SDGs

Term 

Definition 

Reference

Capacity building

The process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organizations and communities need to survive, adapt, and thrive in a fast-changing world.

UN

Capacity building projects and initiatives

Projects and initiatives that are implemented for capacity building purposes – note that the A6 Pipeline Platform only keeps track of/showcases projects or initiatives that are inherent to Article 6 capacity building.

UNEP-CCC

Implemented in

Countries where the Capacity Building project is taking place.

UNEP-CCC

Funded by

Countries that financed the Capacity Building project or initiative.

UNEP-CCC

Unit / Indicator

Definition 

Further comments

Reference

Greenhouse gases (GHG)

Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. Tracked in 4 indicators: CO2; Methane (CH4); Nitrous Oxide (N2O); Fluorinated gas (F-gas).

In the Article 6 Pipeline, we have 4 different GHG indicators: CO2 (carbon dioxide); Methane (CH4); Nitrous Oxide (N2O); Fluorinated gas (F-gas)

UNFCCC Article 6.4 Glossary

Emissions

Annual greenhouse gas emissions by country, expressed in tCO2e. Latest data: 2022.

Latest data: 2022

ClimateWatch

Emissions per capita

Emissions divided by population for the relevant country/region/group

Calculated with ClimateWatch emissions data for the year 2023 and World Bank population data for the year 2023

GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), most recent available year (mostly 2024)

World Bank

Activities

Number of projects and programmes in Article 6 across different activity stages.

UNEP-CCC

Planned Mitigation (Absolute)

Estimated annual emissions reductions of Article 6 activity, expressed in tonnes of CO2. Planned mitigation is either provided by the project developer or estimated in project proposal, depending on stage of activity cycle.

Planned mitigation is either provided by the project developer or estimated in project proposal, depending on stage of activity cycle

UNEP-CCC

Global comparison

Comparison of a given country's number of activities/planned mitigation total with the average for the rest of the world.

The global comparison can occur either with the total number of activities or the total amount of Planned Mitigation

UNEP-CCC

Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs)

See definition under "Article 6.2" section.

Article 6.4 Emission reduction (A6.4ER)

A unit issued for mitigation achieved pursuant to Article 6, paragraphs 4–6 of the Paris Agreement. Measured in CO2-eq and equal to 1 tonne CO2-eq. A6.4ERs include authorized A6.4ERs and mitigation contribution A6.4ERs.

UNFCCC Article 6.4 Glossary

AERs

See definition under "Article 6.4" section.

Overall Mitigation in Global Emissions (OMGE)

The delivery of an overall mitigation in global emissions achieved through the cancellation of A6.4ERs for the share of proceeds for overall mitigation in global emissions.

UNFCCC Technical Paper

Other international mitigation purposes (OIMPs)

Refer to the use of mitigation outcomes authorized by a participating Party under Article 6.2 for international mitigation objectives other than NDC achievements. Such authorization triggers a corresponding adjustment at first transfer.

UNFCCC decision 2 CMA.3, annex, paras. 1, 2 and 8

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)

First global market-based scheme that applies to a sector. It complements other aviation in-sector emissions reduction efforts such as technological innovations, operational improvements and sustainable aviation fuels.

ICAO

Term 

Definition 

Further comments

Reference

Activity Type

Classification of project/programme into an Activity grouping, often represented by a specific technology/approach that leads to emissions reductions. There are over 50 Activity types that vary in granularity – the list may evolve and expand over time.

There are over 50 Activity types that vary in granularity – the list may evolve and expand over time. The same activity type may include projects from different sectors (e.g. Activity type “bioenergy” includes biofuels (transport sector) and biomass energy (Energy sector). 
For list of activity types and definitions, see “Activity types” table.

UNEP-CCC own analysis

Activity Subtype

Classification of subtype of projects/programs under each activity type. Each Activity subtype corresponds to the same sector and category.

For list of activity subtypes, definitions, and sector/category assignments, see “Activity subtypes” table.

UNEP-CCC own analysis

Sectors

6 parts of the economy where emissions may occur: AFOLU, Buildings, Energy, Waste, Transport, Industry. Identifies where in the value chain the emission reduction from the activity is taking place.

When used in the context of Article 6 activities, it identifies where in the value chain the emission reduction from the activity is taking place 
For sector definitions, see “Sectors” table

UNEP-CCC own analysis, IPCC Sector classification

Subsectors

Subsets of the 6 sectors. They divide: AFOLU into Agriculture and Land use change and forestry; Energy into Electricity and Heat and Fugitive emissions; Industry into Manufacturing and construction and Industrial processes and product use.

For subsector definitions, see “Sectors” table

UNEP-CCC own analysis, IPCC Sector classification

Category

Identifies 5 broad approaches through which emissions reduction can take place: Efficiency, GHG management, Sinks, Renewables, Fuel Switch.

For category definitions, see “Categories” table

UNEP-CCC own analysis

GHGs

Identifies which GHG is mostly addressed by a given activity. 4 indicators: CO2; Methane (CH4); Nitrous Oxide (N2O); Fluorinated gas (F-gas).

In the Article 6 Pipeline, we have 4 different GHG indicators: CO2 (carbon dioxide); Methane (CH4); Nitrous Oxide (N2O); Fluorinated gas (F-gas)

UNEP-CCC own analysis

Reduction / Removal

Indicator for whether the activity will reduce emissions compared to a specific baseline, or whether it will remove GHGs from the atmosphere. Where the activity is a removal one, the category will be "sinks".

Where the activity is a removal one, the category will be “sinks”

UNEP-CCC own analysis

Category

Definition 

Reference

Fuel switch

Use of a less-polluting energy source to perform the same task (including electrification, excluding renewables).

UNEP-CCC

Renewables

Increase in renewable energy capacity (displacing other sources).

UNEP-CCC

Efficiency

Technological (or behavioural) changes that enable performing a task while emitting less.

UNEP-CCC

GHG management

Other reduction of greenhouse gases (usually not related to energy use, often replacing or destroying GHGs with high global warming potential).

UNEP-CCC

Sinks

Enhancing the potential of engineered or natural forms of carbon sequestration.

UNEP-CCC

Sector / Subsector

Definition 

Further comments

Reference

AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use) [Sector]

Emissions from land-use, including forestry and agriculture | IPCC Category 3. Includes 2 subsectors.

Includes 2 subsectors

IPCC

Agriculture [Subsector]

Emissions from agricultural activities and agriculture-related land use. Part of AFOLU sector.

Part of AFOLU sector

IPCC

Land use change and forestry [Subsector]

Emissions from land use and forestry, not including agriculture activities. Part of AFOLU sector.

Part of AFOLU sector

IPCC

Buildings [Sector, Subsector]

Fuel combustion for use in buildings (residential and commercial) | IPCC Category 1.A.4.a,b.

Includes 2 subsectors

IPCC

Energy [Sector]

Fuel combustion, fugitive emissions from fuels | IPCC Category 1 (excluding buildings, transport, and industry). Includes 2 subsectors.

Part of Energy sector

IPCC

Electricity and heat [Subsector]

Comprises emissions from all fuel use for electricity generation from main activity producers except those from combined heat and power plants | IPCC Category 1.A.1.a.i. Part of Energy sector.

Part of Energy sector

IPCC

Fugitive emissions [Subsector]

Includes all intentional and unintentional emissions from the extraction, processing, storage and transport of fuel to the point of final use | IPCC Category 1.B. Part of Energy sector.

Part of Energy sector

IPCC

Industry [Sector]

Fuel combustion for manufacturing and emissions from industrial processes & product use | IPCC Category 1.A.2 & 2. Includes 2 subsectors.

Includes 2 subsectors

IPCC

Manufacturing and construction [Subsector]

Emissions from combustion of fuels in industry, including combustion for the generation of electricity and heat for own use | IPCC Category 1.A.2. Part of Industry sector.

Part of Industry sector

IPCC

Industrial processes and product use [Subsector]

Emissions from industrial processes and product use, excluding those related to energy combustion, extraction, processing and transport of fuels, and CO2 transport, injection and storage | IPCC Category 2. Part of Industry sector.

Part of Industry sector

IPCC

Transport [Sector, Subsector]

Fuel combustion for transport | IPCC Category 1.A.3.

IPCC

Waste [Sector, Subsector]

Emissions from wastewater and solid waste | IPCC Category 4.

IPCC

Activity Type

Activity type ID

Activity description

Reforestation and ecosystem restoration

RER

Restoring previously depleted forests and other ecosystems to enhance their capacity to store carbon dioxide.

Afforestation and tree planting

ATP

Planting trees on lands that have not been forested for a prolonged period.

Livestock management

LIV

Changes in livestock management practices aimed at reducing CH4 and N2O emissions.

Biochar

BCH

Converting unstable organic carbon in biomass into a stable, carbon-rich solid form, and/or reducing GHG emissions through its application (e.g. incorporation into soil).

Bioenergy

BEN

Replacing fossil fuel use with bioenergy.

Source Carbon Capture

SCC

Capturing CO2 at the emission source to then either store it or utilize it, therefore avoiding emissions of CO2.

Carbon Removal and Storage

CDR

Capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it, therefore removing it from the atmosphere. Note: Subtypes for this activity are to be updated and uploaded.

Cleaner cooking

CLC

Reducing the use of woody biomass or charcoal or replacing biomass fuels entirely with low-carbon fuels.

Efficient appliances

APP

Introducing appliances that consume less energy and therefore produce less emissions, excluding space-heating and cooling.

Electric vehicles

EVS

Replacing fossil fuel-based vehicles with electric ones.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

FFS

Replacing fossil fuel use/carbon-intensive feedstock with a less carbon-intensive fuel/feedstock.

Geothermal

GEO

Utilization of geothermal resources to generate renewable electricity or thermal energy to replace carbon-intensive electricity or thermal energy.

Green hydrogen & green ammonia

HYA

Replacing fossil fuels (or fossil fuel-based hydrogen or ammonia) with hydrogen or ammonia produced with renewable energy.

Grid/energy supply efficiency

GRI

Improving the efficiency of energy generation and distribution system.

Waste energy recovery

WER

Recovering waste energy from industrial processes for other usage, to improve overall energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Hydropower

HYD

Utilization of water resources to generate renewable electricity, thereby substituting carbon-intensive electricity that may otherwise be supplied by other sources.

Industrial efficiency

IEF

Adoption of technologies, practices, and process optimizations that reduce energy use per unit of industrial output.

Landfill gas

LFG

Avoiding methane emissions from landfill sites by capturing the gas to either destroy or utilise it for energy.

Mixed renewables

MIX

Replacing carbon-intensive energy with activities installing various types of renewable energy.

Chemical processes

CHE

Implementing measures to capture and destroy, and/or avoid use of high potency gases from manufacturing, consumer goods, and chemical production.

Improved cropland management

CRP

Abating GHG emissions through improved cropland management practices, including various types of crops.

Solar energy

SOL

Replacing carbon-intensive energy use with solar energy.

Waste management

WAS

Reducing GHG emissions from waste management practices.

Wastewater treatment

WWT

Avoiding or reducing GHG emissions (e.g. methane) from wastewater treatment processes.

Water purification and water supply

WPS

Providing clean drinking water to communities which then reduces the need for boiling water with carbon-intensive fuels like wood or coal.

Wind

WIN

Utilization of wind energy resources to generate renewable electricity, thereby replacing carbon-intensive electricity that may otherwise be supplied by other sources.

Public transport

PTR

Developing new public transport options to favour shift away from individual transport, reducing emissions from individual vehicle use.

Active transport/mobility

ATM

Shifting the mode of transport of urban passengers to non-motorized transport modal (e.g. bicycles, tricycles, e-bikes or e-tricycles).

Freight transport

FRT

Efficient transportation of goods or commodities, including liquid transportation, aimed at reducing GHG emissions intensity of freight transported.

Forest management and avoided deforestation

FOR

Ensuring efficient management of existing forests and preventing deforestation.

Building efficiency

BUI

A building designed, constructed, or retrofitted to minimize greenhouse gas emissions throughout its life cycle, e.g. insulation. Does not include efficient appliances, space heating and cooling systems.

Energy storage

ESS

Energy storage solutions across different infrastructures (residential and commercial buildings, industrial installations and grid).

Space heating and cooling

SHC

Implementing energy-efficient space heating and cooling systems to reduce GHG emissions in building/utility facilities – does not include industrial facilities.

Fugitive emissions

FUG

Preventing GHG leakages from existing industrial processes.

Subtype Name

Subtype ID

Description

Activity Type

Afforestation

ATP-AFF

The direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding, and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources.

Afforestation and tree planting

Agroforestry

ATP-AGF

Land-use systems and practices in which woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land management unit.

Afforestation and tree planting

Urban forests

ATP-UFR

Implementation of new vegetation / green areas in an urban area to enhance city carbon sinks.

Afforestation and tree planting

Other tree planting

ATP-OTP

Tree-planting activities other than (or not clearly identifiable as) afforestation, agroforestry, or urban forests.

Afforestation and tree planting

E-bicycle program

ATM-EBP

Introducing programs for public adoption of e-bicycles, replacing less energy efficient/fossil fuel-based transportation.

Active transport/mobility

Tricycle/e-tricycle program

ATM-TBP

Introducing programs for public adoption of e-tricycles/tricycles, replacing less energy efficient/fossil fuel-based transportation.

Active transport/mobility

Bicycle use program

ATM-BUP

Introducing programs for public adoption of bicycles, replacing less energy efficient/fossil fuel-based transportation.

Active transport/mobility

Cycling infrastructure

ATM-CYI

Building dedicated bicycle lanes/bicycle infrastructure to enhance the use of bicycles and replace less energy efficient/fossil fuel based means of transportation.

Active transport/mobility

Biochar production

BCH-BCP

The thermochemical conversion of biomass into stable, carbon-rich biochar through pyrolysis, for carbon sequestration and GHG mitigation.

Biochar

Biochar application in soil

BCH-BCA

Adding stable, carbon-rich biochar to soils to improve properties, consequentially reducing N₂O and CH4 emissions.

Biochar

Biochar

BCH-BCH

[For PCNs only – where early-stage activities don't yet have detailed documentation] Biochar projects.

Biochar

Biogas [Energy]

BEN-BGE

Energy source produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter - bioenergy (gaseous form).

Bioenergy

Biogas [Industry]

BEN-BGI

Energy source produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter - bioenergy (gaseous form) for industrial applications.

Bioenergy

Biomass energy [Industry]

BEN-BEI

Energy derived from solid biomass for industrial applications – excluding cogeneration.

Bioenergy

Biomass energy

BEN-BME

Energy derived from solid biomass.

Bioenergy

Biomass energy with cogeneration [Industry]

BEN-BEC

Energy derived from solid biomass for industrial applications paired with cogeneration system.

Bioenergy

Biofuels [Energy]

BEN-BFE

Liquid fuels derived from biomass used for energy supply.

Bioenergy

Biofuels [Transport]

BEN-BFT

Fuels derived from biomass used for transportation, e.g. biodiesel, bioethanol, aviation biofuel.

Bioenergy

Biofuels [Industry]

BEN-BFI

Fuels derived from biomass used for industrial applications.

Bioenergy

Energy-efficient design – New buildings

BUI-EED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification for Green building design.

Building efficiency

Building retrofits

BUI-BRF

Retrofitting buildings to render them better insulated and therefore more energy-efficient.

Building efficiency

Nitric acid

CHE-NAO

Installation and operation of a N2O abatement technology at a nitric acid plant that results in the reduction of N2O emissions that would otherwise have been vented to the atmosphere.

Chemical processes

Ozone depleting substances

CHE-ODS

Collecting and destroying refrigerants that are ozone depleting substances with high GWPs from discarded equipment, particularly air conditioners, refrigerators, and insulation foam.

Chemical processes

Adipic acid

CHE-AAC

Transforming N2O emissions via catalytic decomposition at high temperatures into harmless nitrogen and oxygen, targeting nitrous oxides generated during adipic acid production.

Chemical processes

HFC Replacement

CHE-HFR

Replacing the use of blowing agents that contain HFCs in foam manufacturing with alternative lower impact foam manufacturing processes.

Chemical processes

HFC capturing and destruction

CHE-HCD

Capturing and destroying HFCs produced as a byproduct of refrigerant manufacturing.

Chemical processes

SF6 reduction/replacement

CHE-SFR

Avoiding SF6 emissions by full/partial replacement of SF6 cover gas with alternate cover gases (shielding gases), which insulate molten metals from rapid oxidation.

Chemical processes

Refrigerants Replacement

CHE-RFR

Utilizing low global warming potential refrigerants like carbon dioxide, ammonia & propane.

Chemical processes

Improved cookstoves

CLC-ICS

Cookstoves designed to burn biomass or charcoal more efficiently than traditional stoves, reducing woody biomass consumption.

Cleaner cooking

Electric cookstoves

CLC-ECS

Cookstoves powered by electricity.

Cleaner cooking

Solar cookstove

CLC-SCS

Cookstoves powered by solar energy.

Cleaner cooking

Bioethanol cookstove

CLC-BCS

Cookstoves fuelled by bioethanol.

Cleaner cooking

Biogas cookstoves

CLC-BGC

Cookstoves fuelled by biogas – can occur together with biodigester distribution.

Cleaner cooking

LPG Cookstoves

CLC-LCS

Cookstoves fuelled by liquified petroleum gas replacing more carbon intensive fuels.

Cleaner cooking

Energy-efficient refrigerators [Buildings]

APP-EER

Implementing energy-efficient refrigerators.

Efficient appliances

Efficient appliances (bundled)

APP-APP

Multiple energy-efficient appliances (e.g., efficient cookstoves, refrigerators, fans, lighting, or other household devices) packaged and distributed together as a single combined measure.

Efficient appliances

Efficient lighting

APP-ELG

Installation of efficient lighting devices, e.g. LED Lights, which are more energy efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs, or installation of more efficient lighting systems.

Efficient appliances

Charging infrastructure

EVS-CHI

Installation of charging infrastructure (e.g. stations) to enhance adoption of electric vehicles.

Electric vehicles

Electric buses

EVS-EBU

Deployment of new electric buses – replacing fossil-fuel based buses.

Electric vehicles

Hybrid

EVS-HYB

Vehicle that uses two or more distinct types of fuels including electricity.

Electric vehicles

Three-wheeled electric vehicle

EVS-TRV

Use of 3-wheeled electric vehicles as a substitute of fossil-fuel based transport.

Electric vehicles

Two-wheeled electric vehicle

EVS-TWV

Use of 2-wheeled electric vehicles as a substitute of fossil-fuel based transport.

Electric vehicles

Electric light-duty vehicles

EVS-ELD

Electric light-duty vehicles, excluding electric cars and two- or three-wheeled EVs.

Electric vehicles

Electric heavy-duty vehicles

EVS-EHD

Electric heavy-duty vehicles, excluding electric buses.

Electric vehicles

Electric Mobility Program

EVS-EMP

Coordinated policy, project, or investment framework designed to promote the adoption, deployment, and integration of electric transportation solutions including EVs, electric two- and three-wheelers, electric buses, and supporting charging infrastructure.

Electric vehicles

Electric cars

EVS-ECA

Replacing fossil fuel-based cars with electric cars.

Electric vehicles

Utility-scale battery storage

ESS-UBS

Use of battery systems to store electricity at grid level; the electricity is then available for use when demand increases.

Energy Storage

Behind-the-meter battery storage

ESS-BMB

A stationary electricity storage system connected to the building energy distribution system.

Energy Storage

Industrial battery storage

ESS-IBS

A stationary electricity storage system connected to the industrial energy distribution system.

Energy Storage

Pumped hydro storage

ESS-PHS

Hydroelectric energy storage with 2 water reservoirs at different elevations that can generate power as water moves from one to the other through a turbine.

Energy Storage

REDD+

FOR-RED

Activities aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, sustainable forest management and conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

Forest management and avoided deforestation

Jurisdictional REDD+

FOR-JRE

REDD+ activities across an entire national or subnational jurisdiction, focusing on governmental policies and programs that address drivers of deforestation and protect forests.

Forest management and avoided deforestation

Improved forest management

FOR-IFM

Forest management practices aimed at increasing carbon stocks or reducing greenhouse gas emissions relative to business-as-usual management. Examples include reducing timber harvest levels, extending harvest rotations, designating forest reserves.

Forest management and avoided deforestation

New Fossil Gas

FFS-NFG

New gas-fired power plant with lower carbon-intensive power generation than standard power plant.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

Fuel switch (coal to oil)

FFS-SCO

Switching from coal to oil, as the latter is a less carbon-intensive fossil fuel, in energy supply.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

Fuel switch coal to gas [Industry]

FFS-SCG

Switching from coal to gas, as the latter is a less carbon-intensive fossil fuel, in industry applications.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

Fuel switch oil to gas [Industry]

FFS-SOG

Switching from oil to gas, as the latter is a less carbon-intensive fossil fuel, in industrial applications.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

Fuel switch oil to gas [Energy]

FFS-SOE

Switching from oil to gas, as the latter is a less carbon-intensive fossil fuel, in energy supply.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

Feedstock switch

FFS-FSS

Switching to a less carbon-intensive feedstock in production processes, e.g. cement production.

Fossil fuel/feedstock switch

Fuel efficiency

FRT-FEF

Installation of devices that monitor vehicle and driver performance and provide real-time feedback to drivers in freight and/or commercial passenger vehicles.

Freight transport

Electric Freight transport

FRT-EFT

Electric freight transport systems that displace more carbon-intensive alternatives.

Freight transport

Zero-emissions shipping fuels

FRT-ZES

Zero-emissions fuels for shipping applications.

Freight transport

Fuel transportation infrastructure

FRT-FTI

Introducing infrastructure to transport fuel in a less carbon-intensive way.

Freight transport

Oil Field Gas Recovery

FUG-OFG

Capturing and utilizing associated gas that is produced as a by-product during crude oil extraction, instead of flaring or venting it to the atmosphere.

Fugitive emissions

Coal mine methane abatement

FUG-CMM

Measures, technologies, and practices used to capture, destroy, or utilize methane released during coal mining activities, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and safety risks.

Fugitive emissions

Leak Detection and Repair [Energy]

FUG-LRE

Project activities that reduce physical leaks in components through an advanced LDAR program in the transportation and distribution of fuels (e.g., leaks from fossil gas pipelines, valves, compressors, pumps, and storage facilities).

Fugitive emissions

Leak Detection and Repair [Industry]

FUG-LRI

Project activities that reduce physical leaks in components through an advanced LDAR program in industrial facilities.

Fugitive emissions

Geothermal power generation

GEO-GPG

Generating electricity with geothermal energy.

Geothermal

Geothermal heating

GEO-GTH

Use of geothermal energy to provide thermal energy needs.

Geothermal

Green hydrogen

HYA-GHY

Production of hydrogen via water electrolysis using renewable electricity.

Green hydrogen & green ammonia

Green ammonia

HYA-GAM

Production of ammonia using renewable energy sources.

Green hydrogen & green ammonia

Grid efficiency upgrades

GRI-GEU

Grid transmission lines improvements/installations, e.g. amorphous transformers to increase grid efficiency.

Grid/energy supply efficiency

Optimized electricity distribution

GRI-OED

Utilizing analytical tools to optimize electricity distribution and reduce energy dispersion.

Grid/energy supply efficiency

Power plant retrofit

GRI-PPR

Energy efficiency improvements in power plant energy production.

Grid/energy supply efficiency

Cogeneration system

WER-COG

Simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat. In a cogeneration plant, heat remaining from electricity generation is recovered for use in homes, businesses, and industry, rather than released to the environment.

Waste energy recovery

Waste energy recovery in cement plant

WER-WEC

Capturing and recovering waste energy from cement production processes – such as from kiln exhaust gases and clinker cooling.

Waste energy recovery

Waste energy recovery in steel plant

WER-WES

Capturing and recovering waste energy from steel production processes – such as from blast furnace gases, basic oxygen furnace off-gases, or hot slags.

Waste energy recovery

Waste energy recovery in chemical plant

WER-WCH

Capturing and recovering waste energy from chemical reactions and process streams.

Waste energy recovery

Other waste energy recovery activity

WER-OTH

Waste energy recovery activity in other sectors or subsectors.

Waste energy recovery

Run-of-river hydropower

HYD-ROR

Generation of electricity using the kinetic and potential energy of flowing or falling water. Run-of-river hydropower utilizes the natural flow of a river, with minimal storage, to produce renewable electricity.

Hydropower

Tidal energy

HYD-TID

Projects that generate electricity from tidal energy.

Hydropower

Hydropower with reservoir

HYD-HPR

A type of hydropower system that uses a dam and a water reservoir to store water and generate electricity.

Hydropower

Operations optimization

IEF-OOP

Energy saving by optimizing operations through analytical inputs that inform and enhance performance – ensuring optimization of operations with existing machinery.

Industrial efficiency

Cooling systems

IEF-CLS

Installation of more efficient/energy-saving systems providing cooling in industrial facilities, e.g. air conditioning / centrifugal chillers.

Industrial efficiency

Industrial energy-efficiency upgrades/installations

IEF-IEE

Reduction of energy consumption by installing high-efficiency upgrades within industrial operations.

Industrial efficiency

Combination of industrial approaches

IEF-CIA

Combination of several industrial efficiency approaches, e.g. industrial energy-efficiency upgrades/installations and optimized operations; on-site energy generation and HVAC system.

Industrial efficiency

High-efficiency boiler [Industry]

IEF-HEB

Installation of high-efficiency boilers in industrial plants.

Industrial efficiency

Landfilling with LFG gas flaring

LFG-LGF

Destroying landfill gas via flaring to avoid the more potent methane emissions – no energy use.

Landfill gas

Landfilling with LFG gas utilisation [Waste]

LFG-LGW

Utilising captured landfill gas for energy – main impact from avoiding methane.

Landfill gas

Landfilling with LFG gas utilisation [Energy]

LFG-LGE

Utilising captured landfill gas for energy (electricity and/or heat) – main impact from displacing fossil fuels.

Landfill gas

Landfilling with LFG gas utilisation [Transport]

LFG-LGT

Utilising captured landfill gas specifically as a transport fuel – main impact from displacing fossil fuels.

Landfill gas

Improved grazing land management

LIV-IGR

Reducing methane emissions associated with livestock through grazing.

Livestock management

Livestock feeding optimization

LIV-LFO

Reducing methane emissions associated with livestock through improved feeding practices.

Livestock management

Manure management

LIV-MMA

Activities related to the collection, storage, treatment, and use or disposal of animal manure, aimed at avoiding or reducing CH4 and N2O emissions.

Livestock management

Solar and Wind

MIX-SAW

Renewable energy activity combining solar and wind energy sources.

Mixed renewables

Solar and Hydropower

MIX-SAH

Renewable energy activity combining solar and hydro energy sources.

Mixed renewables

Solar, Wind and Hydropower

MIX-SWH

Renewable energy activity combining solar, wind and hydro energy sources.

Mixed renewables

2 renewable energy sources

MIX-REN

Bundled implementation of 2 different renewable energy technologies – does not include Solar and Wind / Solar and Hydro; may be paired with battery storage.

Mixed renewables

3+ renewable energy sources

MIX-TRE

Bundled implementation of 3 or more different renewable energy technologies – does not include Solar, Hydro, and Wind combination; may be paired with battery storage.

Mixed renewables

Bus system

PTR-BSS

Introducing new bus infrastructure to encourage a modal shift from private to public transport, thus reducing transport emissions (e.g. a bus rapid transit system).

Public transport

Rail system (intercity)

PTR-RSI

Introducing new or extending existing high-speed railway systems for long distance journeys, enabling a shift away from more carbon-intensive means of transport.

Public transport

Rail system (in-city)

PTR-RSC

Introducing or extending in-city rail systems to enable modal shift from private to public transportation, thus reducing transport emissions.

Public transport

Forest restoration

RER-FRE

Measures to restore forest structure in depleted forest areas.

Reforestation and ecosystem restoration

Peatland and wetland restoration

RER-PWR

Measures to restore peatland and wetland ecosystems.

Reforestation and ecosystem restoration

Other ecosystem restoration

RER-OER

Measures to restore ecosystems other than forests, peatlands, or wetlands.

Reforestation and ecosystem restoration

Improved fertilizer application

CRP-IFA

Mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions through measures to reduce fertilizer use (e.g. use of seeds that require less fertilizer application).

Improved cropland management

Soil carbon sequestration

CRP-SCS

Improving soil organic carbon sequestration in farmlands through biological, chemical, and physical mechanisms, including conservation tillage and compost addition.

Improved cropland management

Sustainable agricultural practices

CRP-SAG

Multiple sustainable agricultural practices for holistic cropland transformation.

Improved cropland management

Drip irrigation system

CRP-DIS

A precision irrigation technology that delivers water directly to the root zone of crops, reducing water losses from evaporation and runoff, improving crop water use efficiency and lowering energy intensity of irrigation.

Improved cropland management

Improved Rice cultivation

CRP-IRC

Abating methane from rice cultivation. Typical projects include changes to the water regime during cultivation, alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and change of rice cultivation practice from transplanted to direct seeded rice (DSR).

Improved cropland management

Solar PV – distributed

SOL-SPD

Solar Photovoltaic systems installed across different sites (e.g. residential), with mainly on-site consumption and potential to export excess power to the grid.

Solar energy

Solar thermal

SOL-STH

Solar thermal panels use a heat-transfer fluid — either water or air — to capture the energy.

Solar energy

Concentrated Solar Power

SOL-CSP

A technology that uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, converting solar radiation into high-temperature heat via a heat-transfer fluid. CSP plants often integrate thermal-energy storage to enable dispatchable power generation.

Solar energy

Solar PV – centralized

SOL-SPC

Solar Photovoltaic systems set up as centralized large-scale power stations.

Solar energy

Solar PV – battery storage

SOL-SPB

Solar Photovoltaic systems paired with on-site battery storage.

Solar energy

Solar

SOL-SOL

[For PCNs only]: Solar project, unclear if PV or thermal.

Solar energy

Solar PV

SOL-SPV

[For PCNs only]: Solar PV project, unclear if centralized or distributed.

Solar energy

CCS on coal power plant

SCC-CCP

Carbon Capture and storage applications on a Coal power plant.

Source Carbon Capture

CCS on fossil gas power plant

SCC-CGP

Carbon Capture and storage applications on a natural gas power plant.

Source Carbon Capture

CCS on cement plant

SCC-CCE

Carbon Capture and storage applications on a cement plant.

Source Carbon Capture

CCS on steel plant

SCC-CSE

Carbon Capture and storage applications on a steel plant.

Source Carbon Capture

CCS on ammonia or hydrogen plant

SCC-CAH

Carbon Capture and storage applications on an ammonia/hydrogen plant.

Source Carbon Capture

CCS on chemical plant

SCC-CCH

Carbon Capture and storage applications on a chemical plant.

Source Carbon Capture

CCU

SCC-CCU

Carbon Capture and Utilization used in industrial applications.

Source Carbon Capture

CCUS

SCC-CUS

[For PCNs only – where early-stage activities don't yet have detailed documentation]: Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage.

Source Carbon Capture

Air conditioning [Buildings]

SHC-ACB

Efficient air conditioning system for households.

Space heating and cooling

Heat Pumps (household)

SHC-HPH

Energy-efficient heat pumps for households.

Space heating and cooling

Heat Pumps (utility)

SHC-HPU

Energy-efficient heat pumps for utilities.

Space heating and cooling

High-efficiency boiler [Buildings]

SHC-HBB

Energy-efficient boilers for households.

Space heating and cooling

Organic Waste Composting

WAS-OWC

Avoiding landfill methane emissions by converting organic waste into compost (a nutrient-rich, soil-like product).

Waste management

Waste Recycling

WAS-WRC

Collecting and processing of waste materials for use in new products or using material again.

Waste management

Waste incineration

WAS-WIN

Burning municipal solid waste at high temperatures to reduce its volume and generate energy in the form of electricity and/or heat.

Waste management

Refuse derived fuel

WAS-RDF

Processing municipal solid waste (MSW) to extract combustible materials that can be used as an alternative fuel source.

Waste management

Waste reduction

WAS-WRE

Minimizing the amount of waste generated at its source by using materials more efficiently and avoiding unnecessary consumption.

Waste management

Waste gasification

WAS-WGA

Converting municipal solid waste into a combustible gas mixture (syngas) through partial oxidation at high temperatures – not including biogas derived from organic waste.

Waste management

Other solid waste management

WAS-SWM

Other solid waste management practices.

Waste management

Biogas recovery (wastewater)

WWT-BGR

Processing wastewater and sludge under anaerobic conditions using systems designed to capture the resulting biogas for energy recovery or flaring.

Wastewater treatment

Improved aerobic wastewater treatment

WWT-AET

Enhancing wastewater treatment capacity and reducing electricity consumption by installing Aerators to replace conventional diffusers.

Wastewater treatment

Household Water Treatment Technologies

WPS-HWT

Technologies that treat water in the home to obtain safe water. Water to be treated comes from an existing water supply or from a community water supply technology.

Water purification and water supply

Efficient water distribution

WPS-EWD

Energy-saving inverters used in distribution pumps in water treatment plants.

Water purification and water supply

Community Water Treatment Technologies

WPS-CWT

Technologies that treat water at a central point to obtain safe water. The safe water may be supplied directly to the premises of users, or users may retrieve water from the central point or another distribution point.

Water purification and water supply

Community Water Supply Technologies

WPS-CWS

Technologies that generate a supply of water for a community. If the supplied water is not safe, then the Community water supply technology is combined with HWT, IWT or CWT.

Water purification and water supply

Offshore wind

WIN-OFF

Offshore wind turbines.

Wind

Onshore wind

WIN-ONS

Onshore wind turbines.

Wind

Wind

WIN-WIN

[For PCNs only – where early-stage activities don't yet have detailed documentation]: Wind project, unclear if onshore or offshore.

Wind

Hydro

HYD-HYD

[For PCNs only – where early-stage activities don't yet have detailed documentation]: Hydro project, unclear if tidal, run of river or reservoir.

Hydropower

Unspecified renewable energy project

MIX-URE

[For PCNs only – where early-stage activities don't yet have detailed documentation]: Renewable energy projects that have not been described with detailed information regarding the specific technology.

Mixed renewables